> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.cogitus.io/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.cogitus.io/faqs/general-blockchain-questions.md).

# General Blockchain Questions

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<summary><strong>What is a Layer 1 blockchain?</strong></summary>

A Layer 1 blockchain is a standalone network with its own consensus and data layers
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(e.g., Ethereum, Avalanche, Bitcoin).

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<summary><strong>What is a permissioned vs. permissionless blockchain?</strong></summary>

Permissioned blockchains restrict participation; permissionless ones are open to anyone.
&#x20;Cogitus supports both models for launching your chain using the Avalanche L1 stack.

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<summary><strong>What is the difference between EVM and custom VMs?</strong></summary>

EVM is the standard Ethereum VM. Custom VMs offer specialized logic or performance
&#x20;but may require custom tooling.

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<summary><strong>What is a validator node, and why is it important?</strong></summary>

A validator node confirms transactions and maintains network security by participating
&#x20;in consensus.

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<summary><strong>What is a blockchain explorer, and how do I use one?</strong></summary>

A blockchain explorer lets users search transactions, blocks, addresses, and smart
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contracts in real-time. All Avalanche L1 chains with Cogitus come with a Block Explorer
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subscription.

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<summary><strong>What is gas in blockchain, and how is it calculated on Avalanche?</strong></summary>

Gas represents transaction fees. On Avalanche, gas is calculated based on network load
&#x20;and operation complexity.

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<summary><strong>What is a hot wallet vs. a hardware wallet?</strong></summary>

Hot wallets are internet-connected and easier to use. Hardware wallets are offline and
&#x20;more secure.

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<summary><strong>What is a token bridge, and why does my Avalanche L1 chain need one?</strong></summary>

Token bridges allow asset transfer between blockchains. They're essential for liquidity
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and user access.

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<summary><strong>What is chain uptime, and why does it matter?</strong></summary>

Chain uptime refers to the availability of the network. High uptime ensures reliability and
&#x20;user trust.

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